indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
neutralization; neutralisation; counteraction
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
still; much more; (not) yet; still a long way to go; still a long way off; not there yet
time; hour; period; class
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
request; favour (to ask); wish; please
courage; bravery; valour; valor; nerve; boldness
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to erase; to delete; to turn off (power); to switch off; to extinguish; to put out
aah!; ooh!; oh no!; oh boy!
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
wow!; oh!; yeah!; alright!; waah!; boohoo!
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
aaah!; oooh!; oh no!; oh boy!
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
in the same way as; just like
use; utilization; utilisation; application
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
cruel; heartless; violent; intense; very bad; terrible
to wake up; to sober up; to come to one's senses; to become enlightened
breaking through; breakthrough; surmounting; overcoming; exceeding; passing
wrong; not good; hopeless; past hope; must not do
as is; as it is; as things are; like this; this way; at this rate
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
simultaneously striking one another (in kendo, etc.); draw; tie
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
destruction; disruption; (application) crash
is that so? (generally rhetorical)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
opposite side; other side; over there; that way; the other party; the other person
to be temperate in; to refrain; to make notes; to jot down (e.g. phone number); to be in preparation for; to be in waiting for
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
conclusion from reasoning, judgement or calculation based on something read or heard; reason; cause; meaning; circumstances; situation
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very