indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
continuously in some state (for a long time, distance); throughout; much (better, etc.); by far; far away; long ago
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to stay behind; to remain; to work overtime
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
odious; hateful; detestable; (speaking ironically) darling
to take seriously; to believe in; to fall for
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
lively; full of spirit; energetic; healthy; well; fit
that is so; that is right; it looks to me; people say that; it is said that; I hear that
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
battle; fight; fighting; engagement; contest
disagreeable; detestable; unpleasant; reluctant
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
success in life; getting ahead; successful career; promotion; climbing the corporate ladder; eminence
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
difficult; hard; impossible; unfeasible; fussy; particular; gloomy
war; battle; campaign; (arch.) troops; (arch.) forces
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
this time; now; next time; another time; recently; lately
it is ... that ...; precisely; although; while; it is precisely because ... that ...; only because ...
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
may; might; perhaps; may be; possibly
adds force or indicates command
young; youthful; immature; green; low (number); small
honorific/polite/humble prefix
warrior (esp. of military retainers of daimyos in the Edo period); samurai
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
very; considerably; by no means; not readily; middle; half-way point
cute; adorable; dear; precious; innocent; childlike
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!