here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
middle; centre; center; midpoint; heart
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
isolated; standing alone; falling in drops (e.g. rain); saying a single word; muttering just a few words
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
very; awfully; exceedingly; (not) at all; by no means; simply (cannot)
imagination; supposition; virtual; potential (enemy)
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
name; given name; first name
particularly; especially; in particular; expressly
important; momentous; essential; principal; major
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
conclusion from reasoning, judgement or calculation based on something read or heard; reason; cause; meaning; circumstances; situation
having said that; on the other hand
it is not (like that) either
above anything else; above all; more than anything; best; greatest; excellent
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
too much; excessively; too
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
large country; major nation; great power; province of the highest rank (ritsuryo system)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to keep company; to listen to; to associate with; to play against (e.g. a team); to take on (e.g. a rival)
to destroy; to overthrow; to wreck; to ruin
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
aah!; ooh!; oh no!; oh boy!
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
everybody; every last one of them; all
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to make fun of; to look down on; to make light of
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")