-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
confession; acknowledgement; confession of love; professing one's feelings; confession of sins (e.g. the confessional)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
what kind of; what sort of; what; no matter what (kind of); whatever; any
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young (animal); young woman; offshoot
cute; adorable; dear; precious; innocent; childlike
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
wrong; not good; hopeless; past hope; must not do
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
in that way; thus; so; so?
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
I'm off; see you later; to go (and then come back)
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
he; she; this; this one; Hey, you!; You bastard!
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
pupil; student; schoolchild
How do you do?; I am glad to meet you
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
time (three times, each time, etc.); times
prefix for forming ordinal numbers
assignment (of a person to somewhere); attachment (of a person to another unit, organization, etc.)
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
thin-culmed dwarf bamboo (growing in clusters); Japanese transverse bamboo flute (high-pitched; usu. with seven holes); sliver (strand of loose fibers)
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice
madder (esp. Japanese madder, Rubia argyi); madder (red color)
similarly; same (idea); same (name)
new face; newcomer; rookie; modern humans (from Cro-Magnon man onwards)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
evening; last night; yesterday evening
Izumo (former province located in the east of present-day Shimane Prefecture)