continuously in some state (for a long time, distance); throughout; much (better, etc.); by far; far away; long ago
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
papa; dad; daddy; sugar daddy
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
mama; mamma; mom; female proprietress (of a bar, etc.)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
loveable; very likeable; like very much
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
two persons; two people; pair; couple
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to take over; to hand over
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
instead of; in place of; as a substitute for; in exchange for; in return for; to make up for
song; singing; classical Japanese poem (esp. tanka); modern poetry
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to seize; to catch; to obtain; to acquire; to understand; to grasp
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
passion; enthusiasm; zeal
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
to erase; to drown out (e.g. a voice); to make disappear
goodbye; so long; saying goodbye to (e.g. life as a bachelor); putting an end to; farewell (performance, party, etc.); final
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to part (usu. of people); to part from; to separate (of a couple); to break up; to lose (e.g. one's mother); to be bereaved
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
only; just; since; after; remaining (in a particular state)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
and yet; despite this; but even so; but even then; however; nevertheless
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
in that way; thus; so; so?
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
on the way; en route; in the middle of; midway; halfway
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so