indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
in that way; thus; so; so?
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
mama; mamma; mom; female proprietress (of a bar, etc.)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
general; admiral; head; chief; old chap; mate
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
alright; all right; right on; looking good; OK; okay
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
soldier; combatant; warrior
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o