next; following; subsequent; stage; station
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
The Nutcracker (ballet by Tchaikovsky)
than; from; out of; except; but; more
flower; blossom; cherry blossom; beauty; blooming (esp. of cherry blossoms); ikebana; hanafuda
orders; instructions; directive; command
completion; conclusion; perfect (tense, form, aspect)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
honorific/polite/humble prefix
calmly; quietly; gently; be quiet!
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be heard; to be audible; to be said to be; to be reputed
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
intruder; invader; trespasser; raider
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
infection; contagion; becoming infected
boss; leader; head; boss (difficult enemy, usu. at the end of a section or level)
order; command; decree; (software) instruction; statement
hm; um; huh?; what?; nuh-uh; no
head (of a household); proprietor (of a store); proprietress; (arch.) entertaining someone as one's guest
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to cut; to cut through; to sever (connections, ties); to turn off (e.g. the light); to terminate (e.g. a conversation); to hang up (the phone); to punch (a ticket)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
covering; protection; backing; relief
without; unacceptable; not alright; unsatisfactory
sentence-ending particle expressing doubt
to be caught; to be arrested; to hold on to; to grasp; to find (e.g. proof); to get (e.g. a taxi)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to disappear; to vanish; to go out (of a fire, light, etc.); to die; to fade (of a feeling, impression, etc.); to vanish (e.g. of hope); to go away (e.g. of a smell, itchiness, sleepiness)
with the exception of; excepting; excluding
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
spirit; mind; nature; disposition; motivation; intention