indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
bearing; heading; point of the compass
ahead; forward; (in) front; having a square front
distance; range; difference (e.g. in opinion); gap; metric
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); province (of Japan)
direction; district; area; field (e.g. of study); sphere; quarter
bubble; foam; froth; suds; lather; head (on beer)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
confirmation; verification; validation; review; check; affirmation
arranged; taken care of; settled; completed; finished
approximately; about; promise; appointment; shortening; reduction
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
scale; scope; plan; structure
counter for (small) things or pieces; counter for military units; (an) individual; one person; counter for years (of age difference); counter for school-years
part; portion; amount; worth (as in "two days' worth"); one's means; one's place; one's duty
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
corresponding to (in meaning, function, etc.); being equivalent to; appropriate; suitable; to be proportionate to; to be in keeping with
gate; branch of learning based on the teachings of a single master; school; phylum; division; counter for cannons
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
entry; going into; approach
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
to wring (towel, rag); to squeeze; to squeeze (fruit to extract juice); to press; to rack (one's brains); to strain (one's voice); to extort
any more; anymore; any further; any better; any longer
unreasonable; unnatural; impossible; forcible; forced; excessive (work, etc.); immoderate
wherein; therein; thereinto; among which
in use; occupied (e.g. toilet); engaged
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
no; you're welcome; not at all; don't mention it
which; where; all; both; anyway; anyhow
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to close (e.g. book, eyes, meeting, etc.); to shut
state; condition; situation; appearance; circumstances
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
leaving as is; leaving alone; leaving unattended; neglecting; abandoning
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality