indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
bearing; heading; point of the compass
forward; frontward; ahead; rectangular front
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
direction; district; area; field (e.g. of study); sphere; quarter
bubble; foam; froth; head on beer
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
confirmation; verification; validation; review; check; affirmation
arranged; taken care of; settled; completed; finished
whole; all; general; gross; entire; overall
approximately; about; promise; appointment; shortening; reduction
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
scale; scope; plan; structure
counter for articles; counter for military units; individual
part; portion; amount; worth (as in "two days' worth"); one's means; one's place; one's duty
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
corresponding to (in meaning, function, etc.); being equivalent to; appropriate; suitable; to be proportionate to; to be in keeping with
gate; branch of learning based on the teachings of a single master; division; phylum; counter for cannons
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
entry; approach; penetration
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
to wring (towel, rag); to squeeze; to squeeze (fruit to extract juice); to press; to rack (one's brains); to strain (one's voice); to extort
any more; any further; any better; any longer
unreasonable; unnatural; impossible; forcible; forced; excessive (work, etc.); immoderate
wherein; therein; thereinto
in use; occupied (e.g. toilet); engaged
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
where; which; anyway; anyhow; sooner or later; eventually
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to close (e.g. book, eyes, meeting, etc.); to shut
state; condition; situation; appearance; circumstances
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
leaving as is; leaving alone; leaving to chance; neglecting; abandoning