indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
player (of a sport); athlete; team member
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
rain shower in late autumn (fall) or early winter; seasonable rain
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
yen (Japanese monetary unit); circle
sword (esp. Japanese single-edged); katana; scalpel; chisel; burin; knife money (knife-shaped commodity money used in ancient China)
you (when referring to one's equals or inferiors)
blocking (e.g. the way); obstructing; block (lump of something (usu. square), area of town, etc.); block; physical record (e.g. on magnetic tape); concrete block; blocking (from view, esp. of websites, on social media, etc.)
fox with supernatural powers
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
don't you think?; indicates question
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
phosphorous light; ignis fatuus; will-o'-the-wisp
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
now; the present time; just now; another; more
how; in what way; how about
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
intention; plan; belief; assumption; estimate; estimation
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)