this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
medicine; agent; (chemical) substance; drug; dose
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
supreme ruler; autocrat; dynast; high king
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
canopy; dome; priestly minstrel's reed hood; reed hood worn by Komuso priests
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; 's; of
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
moreover; furthermore; nevertheless; and yet
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
very; considerably; by no means; not readily; middle; half-way point
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; penis; (one's) thing
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
feeling refreshed; feeling relieved; neat; tidy; frank; open-hearted; completely
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
still; much more; (not) yet; still a long way to go; still a long way off; not there yet
adds force to a statement, decision or conclusion; indicates command; (strongly) emphasizes the previous word; adds focus; some- (e.g. something, someone)
ingredient; (raw) material; unprocessed timber; raw timber; subject matter; topic
(rock) crystal; high purity quartz
earth; ground; place; territory; bottom (of a package, book, etc.); earth (one of the five elements)
to go; to move (towards); to move through; to travel across; to go (well, badly, etc.); to proceed; to do (in a particular way)
rare; uncommon; unusual; rare; lightly cooked
full of (e.g. mistakes); riddled with; covered all over with (blood, mud, etc.)
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
head; hair (on one's head); mind; brains; leader; chief; top
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
boiling; seething; becoming heated (e.g. of a debate); excitement; soaring (of prices); shooting up
then; well; so; well then
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...