indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
Mr; master; Ms; miss; (arch.) sir; (arch.) madam
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
yes?; no?; isn't it?; is it?
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
state (of affairs); situation; appearance; look(s); sign; indication
perhaps; possibly; maybe; if; in case; in the event that
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
you said; he said; even if; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
as expected; sure enough; after all (is said and done); in the end; too; also
companion; partner; other party; addressee; opponent (sports, etc.)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
thief; robber; burglar; rebel; insurgent; traitor
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
leader; leaders; dotted line; reader (textbook); reader (i.e. a person who reads); microreader
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that ...
detailed; full; minute; knowing very well; knowledgeable (about); well-acquainted (with)
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
shintai; object of worship believed to contain the spirit of a deity, typically housed in a shrine
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
to be heard; to be audible; to sound (like); to come across (as); to be well known; to be famous
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
by no means; never!; certainly (not); surely (not); something unexpected; emergency
there; over there; genitals; private parts; that far; that much
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
to use (a tool, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
inorganic matter; inorganic substance; inorganic compound
and yet; despite this; but even so; but even then; however; nevertheless
link; linking; link; hyperlink; linking (of object files); linkage
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
to be able to do; to be possible; to be good at; to do well; to come into existence; to form; to be made
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
one-sided; unilateral; arbitrary