year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
magnetic field; ambience; atmosphere; focal point
storm; tempest; uproar; hullabaloo; pile of 3 cards of the same value in oicho-kabu
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
masterpiece; masterwork; crowning work; one's magnum opus; work of the highest quality
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
function; facility; faculty; feature
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
stoppage; coming to a stop; ceasing (movement, activity, etc.); suspension (of operations); suspension (of payment, a licence, etc.); (temporary) prohibition
junk; rubbish; trash; garbage; odds and ends
just like; (virtually) no different from; (almost) the same as; as good as (e.g. dead, settled)
in this way; like this; this (much); so; uh; er
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
not less than ...; ... and over; beyond (e.g. one's expectations); above; the above; the above-mentioned
slowly; tardily; complaining; grumbling; unsettled (e.g. weather); loose
impossible to do (although wants to)
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
luckily; blessedly; fortunately
trump; trump card; ace up one's sleeve; secret weapon
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
death; (an) out; death penalty (by strangulation or decapitation; most severe of the five ritsuryō punishments)
the art of war; martial arts; military force; the sword; (arch.) valor; (arch.) bravery
exclusively doing ...; person who exclusively does ...; fetish for ...; first; most important thing; number one priority
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to be convinced (that); to be under the impression (that); to make up one's mind; to set one's heart on; to be obsessed (with a thought, idea, etc.); to think about obsessively
careless; thoughtless; stupid; heedless; unobservant; inadvertent
hand; arm; forepaw; foreleg; handle; hand; worker
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
next; following; subsequent; stage; station
to take (preventive) measures; to come to an agreement (in bargaining, etc.); to strike a bargain; to clap one's hands together
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
order (from one's superior); command; what you say; (someone's) words
street; road; traffic; coming and going; flow (of water, air, etc.); passage; transmission (of sound)
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
operation; management; handling; manipulating (to one's benefit); manipulation; influencing
chance; opportunity; machine; aircraft; counter for aircraft; counter for (remaining) lives
research and development; R&D