indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to be defeated; to be beaten; to be unsuccessful; to lose
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
wow!; oh!; yeah!; alright!; waah!; boohoo!
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
to lose; to be defeated; to succumb; to give in; to be inferior to; to break out in a rash due to (e.g. lacquer, shaving, etc.)
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
somewhere; anywhere; in some respects
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
road; path; route; way; distance; journey; road (e.g. to victory)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to make a mistake (in); to commit an error; to be wrong; to be incorrect; to mislead; to misguide
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
(not) anything; (nothing) at all; and everything else; and all; (not) at all; (not) in the least
to make a mistake; to be incorrect; to be mistaken
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
ball; sphere; bead (of sweat, dew, etc.); drop; ball (in sports); pile (of noodles, etc.); bullet
if only (you) have; as long as (you) have; whenever (you) have
as many as one likes; as much as one likes; great many; plenty; almost (none); (not) much
to do over again; to redo; to start over; to remake; to resume; to recommence
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to know; to understand; to be aware of; to consent; to agree
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
to leave; to go away; to pass; to elapse; to be distant; to send away; to drive off
ghost; apparition; phantom; spectre; specter; demon
extermination (e.g. of pests, demons, bandits); elimination; making someone renounce worldly desires in order to concentrate on Buddha's teachings; curing illness
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
to be temperate in; to refrain; to make notes; to jot down (e.g. phone number); to be in preparation for; to be in waiting for
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
miko; shrine maiden; young girl or woman (trad. an unmarried virgin) who assists priests at shrines; medium; sorceress; shamaness
common camellia (Camellia japonica)
once; before; formerly; never yet; never before; first time
mansion; palace; (arch.) nobleman; (arch.) noblewoman; (arch.) cabin (on a boat, carriage, etc.)
training; practice; discipline; ascetic practices
to pile up; to stack; to load (car, ship, etc.); to pack; to acquire; to accumulate
to keep someone from doing; to stop; to prevent; to check; to hinder; to obstruct
red and white; colours for festive or auspicious occasions (colors); two teams; two groups; Kōhaku Uta Gassen; annual contest between male and female popular singers on New Year's Eve (sponsored and broadcast by NHK)