summer vacation; summer holiday
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to end; to come to an end; to close; to finish
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)
indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
homework; assignment; pending issue; unresolved problem; open question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
enjoyment; pleasure; diversion; anticipation; looking forward to
sorry; excuse me; thank you
sleeping in late; oversleeping; late riser; sleepyhead
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
bad; poor; poor (quality); inferior; evil; sinful; ugly
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to raise; to raise up; to wake; to wake up; to cause; to bring about; to start
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
(one's) older sister; (one's) elder sister; girl
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
honorific/polite/humble prefix
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
lateness; tardiness; arriving late
older sister; elder sister
futon; Japanese bedding consisting of a mattress and a duvet; round cushion used for Zen meditation (traditionally made of woven bulrush leaves)
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
in proportion to; just as much as
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
not less than; ... and over; beyond (e.g. one's expectations); above; above-mentioned; aforementioned
to continue; to keep up; to keep on
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
to leave alone; to leave as is; to ignore; to neglect
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn