indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
memory; recollection; remembrance; storage
beautiful; pretty; lovely; sweet; pure (heart, friendship, etc.)
home town; birthplace; native place; (arch.) ruins; (arch.) historic remains
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
star (usu. not including the Sun); planet (usu. not including Earth); star (glyph, symbol, shape); star (actor, player, etc.); small dot; spot; star point (in go)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
civilization; civilisation; culture; Bunmei era (1469.4.28-1487.7.20)
development; growth; development (of a situation, story, etc.); advancement; playing around; having an active sex life
by means of; due to; because of; according to
natural (physical) environment
destruction; disruption; (application) crash
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
to live (of humans); to reside; to inhabit; to dwell; to abide
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
to corner; to drive to the wall; to run down; to track down; to chase after
special; particular; peculiar; unique
government; administration
order; system; structure; set-up; organization; organisation
name; given name; title; fame; renown; pretext
ruin; destruction; devastation; waste; decay
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
detached building; solitary house; room detached from main house; separation from; loss of interest in; independence of
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
new land; new world; new sphere of activity
to want; to wish for; to request; to demand; to seek; to search for
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
welcome!; nice to see you!
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
fortune-telling; divination
yes?; no?; isn't it?; is it?
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
I; me; oneself; (arch.) you; (arch.) prefix indicating familiarity or contempt
the future (usually distant); future tense; the world to come
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be seen; to be in sight; to look; to seem; to come
lion; left-hand guardian dog at a Shinto shrine