indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
alvar; biological environment based on a limestone plain with thin or no soil
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
lateness; tardiness; arriving late
testimony; (verbal) evidence
court (of law); courtroom
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
next; following; subsequent; stage; station
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
to strike; to hit; to beat; to punch
step; stride; counter for steps
temple; shrine; hall; company; (arch.) front room
H; h; indecent; lewd; (having) sex; nth year in the Heisei era (1989.1.8-2019.4.30)
loss; feeling of loss; Los Angeles
innocence; being not guilty