indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to pin down; to hold down; to cover (esp. a part of one's body with one's hand); to clutch (a body part in pain); to get a hold of; to obtain
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
with the exception of; excepting; excluding
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
resistance; opposition; reluctance; repulsion; resistance; drag
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back
to mind; to care about; to be an issue; to matter; to keep company; to care for; to interfere with
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
honorific/polite/humble prefix
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
escape; break-out; prolapse; proptosis
route; road; distance travelled in a day; one's ... (age, e.g. 40s, 60s)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
given that ... it is only natural that ...; ... being the case, it is unavoidable that ...; (precisely) because ...; contrary to expectations ...
to inform; to notify; to know; to reign
road; path; route; way; distance; journey; road (e.g. to victory)
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
people; citizens; subjects; folk
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
to leave as is; to ignore
shamelessly; acting brazenly unaffected; being resigned to (disgrace)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to bear; to stand; to support; to withstand; to be fit for; to be equal to
please (give me); please (do for me)
your Highness; his Highness; her Highness
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
to fall into (someone's) hands; to fall under someone's control; to become someone's property (e.g. of an object)
how; in what way; how about
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
repeatedly; over and over again; fully (e.g. understand); very much; very well
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
knowledge; awareness; consent; acceptance; forgiving; pardoning
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!