indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
shadow; silhouette; reflection; image; ominous sign; light (stars, moon)
crocodile; alligator; (arch.) shark
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
female; woman; female sex; female lover; girlfriend; mistress
memory; recollection; remembrance; storage
place; spot; field; discipline; occasion; situation; scene (of a play, movie, etc.)
number (in a series); (one's) turn; watch; guard; rank; standing; bout
frequency (esp. of waveforms)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
than; from; out of; except; but; more
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
to give (esp. to someone of lower status); to bestow; to provide; to afford; to assign; to cause
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
to eat; to live; to make a living; to bite; to sting (as insects do); to tease; to torment
influence; effect; to influence; to affect; to have an influence on
company; lot; bunch; troupe; company (of musicians)
cell; cell (in an organization, esp. a communist party)
sarugaku (form of theatre popular in Japan during the 11th to 14th centuries); (arch.) noh; (arch.) fooling around
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case