indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
lathe; potter's wheel; windlass; pulley
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
uncleanness; impurity; disgrace; shame; uncleanliness from contact with death, pregnancy, menstruation, etc.
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
spirit; mind; nature; disposition; motivation; intention
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
magical power; mystical force
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
shade; shadow; behind (something); other side; background; behind the scenes
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
in that way; thus; so; so?
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!