indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
opponent; adversary; the competition; the other side; one's enemy
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to avoid (physical contact with); to avoid (situation); to ward off; to avert; to put aside; to move out of the way
to continue; to keep up; to keep on
match; game; bout; contest
to deal with a large number
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
perception; intuition; the sixth sense
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to put back; to return; to vomit; to throw up; to recover (of a market price)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
promotion; raising of status
pre-war days; before the war
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
to give one's name; to introduce oneself; to announce one's candidacy
companion; partner; other party; addressee; opponent (sports, etc.)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
conclusion from reasoning, judgement or calculation based on something read or heard; reason; cause; meaning; circumstances; situation
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
ranking; toplist (e.g. of WWW sites)
rank; place (e.g. first place); decimal place; counter for ghosts
commonwealth; federation of states; confederation; union
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
transfer (of one's name into another family register); transfer (to another team, company, etc.)
only; merely; approximately; about; just (finished, etc.); as if to; (as though) about to
not covered (e.g. of a sports opponent); unobserved; under the radar; unmarked (e.g. of a product); unlabelled
player (of a sport); athlete; team member
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every
to examine; to look up; to investigate; to check up; to sense; to study
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
as expected; sure enough; after all (is said and done); in the end; too; also
to entangle; to entwine; to pick a quarrel; to find fault; to be involved with; to be influenced by
seeming to be; appearing to be; like; similar to; in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o