indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
suffix for familiar person
still; yet; more; still more; as ...; like ...
ogre; demon; oni; spirit of a deceased person
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
third month of the lunar calendar; Yayoi period (ca. 300 BCE-300 CE); Yayoi culture
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to persevere; to persist; to insist that; to stick to (one's opinion); to remain in a place; to stick to one's post
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to join forces; to cooperate
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
anyhow; in any case; at any rate; at best; at most
baton (relay, orchestral conducting, etc.)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
terrible; dreadful; amazing (e.g. of strength); great (e.g. of skills); to a great extent; vast (in numbers)
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
to run; to run (of a vehicle); to drive; to rush (to); to dash; to retreat; to flee
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
to connect; to link together; to tie; to fasten; to maintain; to preserve