indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to accompany; to go hand in hand with; to be consequent upon; to be accompanied by; to bring with; to take with
prime minister (in ancient China)
Cao Cao (155-220), famous statesman and general at the end of Han, noted poet and calligrapher, later warlord, founder and first king of Cao Wei, father of Emperor Cao Pi; the main villain of novel the Romance of Three Kingdoms
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to descend; to go down; to be handed down (of an order, judgment, etc.); to pass (of time); to surrender; to capitulate; to be less than
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to be undeserved; to be more than one deserves; to be more than one can handle
hospitality; reception; treatment; (light) refreshment; entertaining with food and drink; treat
to receive; to get; to catch (e.g. a ball); to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.); to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to undergo (e.g. surgery)
obligation; favour; favor; debt of gratitude
to reward; to recompense; to repay; to retaliate; to get revenge
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
followers; subordinates; being under someone's command
brave general; brave warrior; courageous general
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to kill (a human) using a blade (sword, machete, knife, etc.); to slice (off); to lop (off); to cut (off)
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
ironically enough; as irony would have it; in a nice little twist
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
origin; source; base; basis; cause; ingredient; material
to live under another's roof; to become a dependent on; to flatten oneself (against); to lean in close to
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
to say; to be called; to do
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
snugly; cosily; carefree; easily; freshly made and still warm; imprudently
to entertain; to make welcome
I'm told; is what I heard; is how it is, apparently; is what they said
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
existence; being; survival; to exist; to live; to survive
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to leave; to go away; to pass; to elapse; to be distant; to send away; to drive off
will; probably; may; I think; surely; I hope
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity