indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
prime minister (in ancient China)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
to kill (a human) using a blade (sword, machete, knife, etc.); to slice (off); to lop (off); to cut (off)
Cao Cao (155-220), famous statesman and general at the end of Han, noted poet and calligrapher, later warlord, founder and first king of Cao Wei, father of Emperor Cao Pi; the main villain of novel the Romance of Three Kingdoms
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
to say; to be called; to do
to go; to come; to be defeated; to collapse; to be annoyed; to be nonplussed
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
adds force or indicates command
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
north; the North; northern territories; North Korea; (arch.) north wind
river; stream; River; the ... river
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
to permit; to allow; to forgive; to pardon; to exempt (someone) from; to remit; to acknowledge
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
guest; visitor; customer; client; counter for containers used to entertain guests
residence; estate; grounds; premises; mansion
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
in that way; thus; so; so?