indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
Reinhard; Reinhardt; Reinhart
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
your Excellency; his Excellency; her Excellency
still; yet; more; still more; as ...; like ...
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
book; document; calligraphy (esp. Chinese); penmanship; handwriting; letter
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
conclusion from reasoning, judgement or calculation based on something read or heard; reason; cause; meaning; circumstances; situation
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
event; affair; incident; case; plot; trouble
older sister; elder sister
military affairs; military service
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?