history of; experience of
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
new; neo-; newness; novelty; Gregorian calendar; Xin dynasty (China, 9-23 CE)
May; fifth month of the lunar calendar
first day of the month; (arch.) first ten days of the lunar month
corridor; gallery; hallway; cloister (i.e. covered walk typically circling a building or garden, esp. in a palace or place of worship)
towards (a destination); for the purpose of; with the goal of; targeting (a group, a demographic)
army; armed forces; military authorities; team; group
main body (of an army); main force; these troops
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
urgent report; urgent message
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to bring; to take; to bring about
Your Majesty; His Majesty; Her Majesty
mind of the emperor; inner feelings of the emperor
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to make noise; to make racket; to rustle; to swoosh; to make merry; to clamor; to clamour
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
I'm sorry; (it's) inexcusable; thank you very much (for help, etc.)
here I am; I'm home!; presently; right away; right now
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
information; news; intelligence; information; data contained in characters, signals, code, etc.
by means of; due to; because of; according to
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
advance guard; vanguard; avant-garde (e.g. music)
(those) who are; (that) which is; in the capacity of
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
both (hands, parents, sides, etc.); counter for carriages (e.g. in a train); counter for vehicles; ryō; tael; ryō; pre-Meiji unit of currency, orig. the value of one ryō of gold
commander; general; leader
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
state; condition; situation; appearance; circumstances
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
I'm told; is what I heard; is how it is, apparently; is what they said
other; another; over; more than; I; me
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
to open hostilities; to take up arms (against)