pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to borrow; to have a loan; to rent; to hire
to throw down; to bring down; to kill; to defeat; to overthrow; to trip up
remodeling; remodelling; restructuring; modding
to continue; to keep up; to keep on
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
myself; yourself; I; me; you
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
copy; photocopy; blurb on a book jacket; catch copy
because of; owing to; due to
beyond; across; the other side; the distance
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to let fly; to make fly; to skip over; to leave out; to run fast; to drive fast; to spray
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
normalcy; normality; normal
function; facility; faculty; feature
to take back; to regain; to get back; to recover
another meeting; meeting again; reunion
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
origin; source; base; basis; cause; ingredient; material
period; epoch; the times; those days; oldness; ancientness
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
to part (usu. of people); to part from; to separate (of a couple); to break up; to lose (e.g. one's mother); to be bereaved
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
expert; learned person; doctor; PhD; instructor at the imperial court (ritsuryo period); pitch and length marks (to accompany a Buddhist liturgical chant, etc.)
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
the future (usually distant); future tense; the world to come