not yet known; unknown; strange
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
living thing; organism; creature; biology
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to chase; to run after; to follow (a set order, a trend, etc.); to drive out; to get rid of; to drive (e.g. a herd)
origin; source; base; basis; cause; ingredient; material
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
eyewitness report; eyewitness information
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to come near; to let someone approach; to bring near; to bring together; to deliver (opinion, news, etc.); to send (e.g. a letter); to let someone drop by
as one would expect; naturally; indeed; still; all the same; after all
alone; by oneself; on one's own
all; entire; whole; altogether
to tidy up; to put in order; to settle (problem); to clear (dispute); to finish; to bring something to an end
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
personal; private; oneself
to pass through; to pass by; to pass (of time); to elapse; to have expired; to have ended; to exceed
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
to eat; to live; to make a living; to bite; to sting (as insects do); to tease; to torment
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
to play (games, sports); to enjoy oneself; to mess about (with alcohol, gambling, philandery, etc.); to be idle; to do nothing; to meet up (with friends); to hang out
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
I'm sorry; my apologies; excuse me; pardon me
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
ripening (of a crop); crop; harvest
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
he; she; this; this one; Hey, you!; You bastard!
parent; parents; dealer (in cards, mahjong, etc.); banker; founder; inventor; (pet) owner
to return; to come home; to leave; to get home; to get to home plate
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
together (with); at the same time; in a lump
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
appearing that; seeming that; looking like; having the appearance of
school building; schoolhouse
to close (e.g. book, eyes, meeting, etc.); to shut
ball (for sport, games, etc.); kemari; type of football played by courtiers in ancient Japan
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial