indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
ripening (of a crop); crop; harvest
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
honorific/polite/humble prefix
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
to move; to stir; to operate; to run; to make a move; to take action; to be touched
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
he; she; this; this one; Hey, you!; You bastard!
to play (games, sports); to enjoy oneself; to mess about (with alcohol, gambling, philandery, etc.); to be idle; to do nothing; to meet up (with friends); to hang out
to eat; to live; to make a living; to bite; to sting (as insects do); to tease; to torment
no good; not serving its purpose; hopeless; wasted; cannot; must not
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
now; the present time; just now; another; more
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend