indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
a long time (since the last time); first in a long time
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
around the world; throughout the world
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
skillful; skilful; delicious; appetizing; fortunate; splendid
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
explanation; exposition; description; account; caption; legend
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
speech; words; one's lines; remarks
possibly; apparently; (seem) likely; somehow or other; with difficulty; barely
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
bad; poor; poor (quality); inferior; evil; sinful; ugly
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
seeming to be; appearing to be; like; similar to; in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to turn one's hand to; to reach out one's hand; to get involved in; to make a move on; to strike; to beat
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
negligence; carelessness; inattention; unpreparedness
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
origin; source; base; basis; cause; ingredient; material
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe