indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
feudal lord; (arch.) mansion; (arch.) palace
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
honorific/polite/humble prefix
interruption (e.g. of a conversation)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
name; given name; title; fame; renown; pretext
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
to shoot (at); to attack; to defeat; to destroy
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation