indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
origin; source; base; basis; cause; ingredient; material
state (US, Australia, India, Germany, etc.); province (e.g. Canada); continent; (arch.) dear
fall; decrease (in income)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
people; citizens; subjects; folk
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
throne; crown; government position; court rank; social standing; rank; grade (of quality, etc.)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to snatch away; to dispossess; to steal
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
splendid; fine; praiseworthy; creditable; legal; legitimate
crime; sin; penalty; sentence; fault; responsibility
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
one (esp. of two); the other; on the one hand; on the other hand; whereas; although
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
now; the present time; just now; another; more
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
similarly; same (idea); same (name)
to lose one's energy; to be cowardly
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
calamity; disaster; accident
to approach; to draw near; to get close; to get acquainted with; to get closer to; to get to know
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to weather (a storm, rough seas); to ride across; to get through (adversity); to weather; to load completely (e.g. books on a shelf, people or luggage in a car)
bowl; vessel; container; ability; capacity; calibre
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
he; she; that person; that; that one; that thing
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
to commit a crime; to commit a sin
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to stay on; to remain; to hold out; to stop (doing); to give up
result; consequence; coming to fruition; bearing fruit; as a result; consequently
to drink; to gulp; to smoke (tobacco); to engulf; to overwhelm; to keep down; to suppress
to be ruined; to go under; to perish; to be destroyed