indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
origin; source; basis; base; cause; (raw) material; ingredient
state (of the US, Australia, India, Germany, etc.); province (e.g. of Canada); continent; province (of Japan); province (of ancient China); prefecture
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
people; citizens; subjects; folk
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
approximately; about; to (about) the extent that; (almost) enough that; as ... as ...; like
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to take (by force); to take away; to snatch; to absorb (one's attention); to fascinate; to captivate
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
splendid; fine; praiseworthy; creditable; legal; legitimate
crime; sin; penalty; sentence; fault; responsibility
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
one (esp. of two); the other; on the one hand; on the other hand; whereas; although
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
now; the present time; just now; another; more
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
in the same way; like; likewise; similarly
to lose one's energy; to be cowardly
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
calamity; disaster; accident
to approach; to draw near; to get close; to get acquainted with; to get closer to; to get to know
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to weather (a storm, rough seas); to ride across; to get through (adversity); to weather; to load completely (e.g. books on a shelf, people or luggage in a car)
bowl; vessel; container; ability; capacity; calibre
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
he; she; that person; that; that one; that thing
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
to commit a crime; to commit a sin
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to stay on; to remain; to hold out; to stop (doing); to give up
result; consequence; consequently; as a result; as a result of; following
to drink; to swallow; to smoke (tobacco); to swallow up; to engulf; to suppress (one's anger, bitter feelings, etc.); to keep down
to go to ruin; to go under; to fall; to be destroyed; to die out; to become extinct