indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
palace; tonic (of the Japanese and Chinese pentatonic scale); ancient Chinese punishment (castration for men, or confinement for women); zodiacal sign
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to leave; to go away; to pass; to elapse; to be distant; to send away; to drive off
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); province (of Japan)
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to face; to go towards; to head towards
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
actually; really; truly; in practice; practically
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
preparation; arrangements; provision; getting ready; laying out (e.g. a meal)
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
ordinary; common; commonplace; mediocre; unremarkable; undistinguished
people; men and women; each person; everybody
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
(way of) life; lifestyle; living; life circumstances; livelihood; day-to-day life
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
to send; to dispatch; to see (someone) off; to escort; to bid farewell to (the departed); to say goodbye to; to spend (time)
cold (to the touch); chilly; icy; (emotionally) cold; coldhearted; unfeeling
to touch; to come in contact with; to receive (e.g. visitor); to attend to; to receive (news); to get; to encounter
ball; sphere; bead (of sweat, dew, etc.); drop; ball (in sports); pitch (e.g. in baseball); pile (of noodles, etc.)
female servant; maidservant
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from ... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that ...; trying to ...
to deal with (a person); to treat; to deal with (a problem); to handle; to operate (e.g. a machine); to handle; to deal in
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
tranquil; calm; quiet; mild (weather); balmy
shrine; palace; imperial residence; Imperial prince; Imperial princess; headboard with built-in shelves, drawers, etc.
to be separated; to be apart; to leave; to go away; to leave (a job, etc.); to quit
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
to start a journey; to embark on a trip; to set forth; to hit the trail
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
on the way; en route; in the middle of; midway; halfway
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
guest; visitor; customer; client; counter for containers used to entertain guests
to meet (by chance); to come across; to meet (e.g. of rivers, highways, etc.); to emerge and engage (an enemy)
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need