indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
king; ruler; tycoon; magnate; king (of the senior player)
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis); qilin (Chinese unicorn)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
phala (attained state, result); enlightenment (as the fruits of one's Buddhist practice); fruit; counter for pieces of fruit
Mount Penglai; Penglai Island; sacred mountain (e.g. Mount Fuji, Mount Kumano, etc.); Kansai New Year decoration (made from food); Formosa; Taiwan
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
now; the present time; just now; another; more
mountain; hill; mine (e.g. coal mine); heap; pile; crown (of a hat); thread (of a screw)
Japanese mugwort (Artemisia princeps); mugwort (any plant of genus Artemisia); wormwood; sagebrush
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
to be able (to); to be possible (to)
eggs; egg; (hen's) egg; (an expert) in the making; beginning; origin
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop