indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
honorific/polite/humble prefix
king; ruler; tycoon; magnate; king (of the senior player)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
official; governmental; public (use, matter, forum, etc.); common; being public knowledge; being out in the open
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis); qilin (Chinese unicorn)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
tao-tie (mythological Chinese creature engraved on bronzeware during the Shang and Zhou dynasties); brutal person; coveting of wealth (property, etc.)
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
sky; heaven; God; svarga (heaven-like realm visited as a stage of death and rebirth); deva (divine being of Buddhism); top (of a book); sole (of a Japanese sandal)
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already