some time ago; recently; lately; last (Sunday, etc.); previous
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
terrible; dreadful; amazing (e.g. of strength); great (e.g. of skills); to a great extent; vast (in numbers)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
relation; relationship; participation; involvement; influence; effect
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
don't you think?; indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
to discover; to find (e.g. an error in a book); to locate; to find (e.g. something missing); to be used to seeing; to be familiar with
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
sure; certain; reliable; trustworthy; If I'm not mistaken; If I remember correctly
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
participation; joining; entry; adherence
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
underground world; underground society
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
width; breadth; freedom (e.g. of thought); latitude; gap; difference (e.g. in price)
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
tough; stiff; inflexible; obstinate; tired; worn out
alien (from another planet)
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
in that way; thus; so; so?
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
uni-; single; unitary; sole
how; in what way; how about
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
natural; right; proper; naturally; as a matter of course; rightly
to return (something); to restore; to turn over; to turn upside down; to pay back; to retaliate; to respond (with)
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!