indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
club activities; extracurricular activities
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
poor (at); weak (in); not very good (at); not one's cup of tea; not one's favorite
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
in that way; thus; so; so?
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
study; diligence; discount; reduction
to be late; to be delayed; to fall behind (in a race, one's studies, etc.); to lag behind; to be bereaved of; to be preceded by (someone) in death
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
occasionally; once in a while; now and then; rarely; seldom
body; torso; trunk; build; physique; health
to move; to shift; to inspire; to rouse; to change; to alter; to operate
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
(powers of) concentration; ability to concentrate
to rise; to go up; to enter (esp. from outdoors); to come in; to enter (a school); to advance to the next grade; to get out (of water)
middle and high school; medium and high (level)
(period of) a year; during an era
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
both; both sides; both parties
to persevere; to persist; to insist that; to stick to (one's opinion); to remain in a place; to stick to one's post
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
unofficial report; confidential report
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
bad; poor; poor (quality); inferior; evil; sinful; ugly
cram school; private tutoring school; juku
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
even a little; any at all; if only a little; no matter how little
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
university; college; former central university of Kyoto (established under the ritsuryo system for the training of government administrators); the Great Learning (one of the Four Books)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
pardon; forgiveness; forbearance
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...