indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
wood; woods; forest; bunch (of something); cluster; line
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
Japanese fir (Abies firma); momi fir
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to discover; to find (e.g. an error in a book); to locate; to find (e.g. something missing); to be used to seeing; to be familiar with
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
just right (time, size, length, etc.)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
root (of a plant); stump (of a tree); root (of a problem, etc.); base
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to insist; to assert; to be obstinate in saying
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
as expected; sure enough; after all (is said and done); in the end; too; also
unreasonable; unnatural; impossible; forcible; forced; excessive (work, etc.); immoderate
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
root (of a plant); root (of a tooth, hair, etc.); center (of a pimple, etc.); root (of all evil, etc.); source; one's true nature
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
considerably; greatly; a lot
deep; profound; dense; thick; close (relationship); intense; strong
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
small quantity; little; little while; short distance
to help; to assist; to aid; to contribute to; to be a factor in
how; in what way; how about
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
earth; soil; the earth (historically, esp. as opposed to the heavens); the ground; low-quality torinoko-gami (containing mud); (period of) refraining from construction in the direction of the god of the earth (in Onmyōdō)
to remove; to move out of the way
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
to be saved; to be rescued; to escape harm; to be spared damage; to be helped; to be saved trouble
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
hand; arm; forepaw; foreleg; handle; hand; worker
to step aside; to move (i.e. out of the way); to make way