indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
secret; secrecy; mystery; secret (e.g. to success); esoteric teachings
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to want; to wish for; to request; to demand; to seek; to search for
origin; source; base; basis; cause; ingredient; material
research establishment; research institute; laboratory
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
invasion; incursion; raid; aggression; intrusion; trespass
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
sticking (in one place, position, etc.); settling; becoming established (of a custom, system, etc.); taking hold; fixation (photography); fixing
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
encounter; being confronted with (e.g. difficulty); meeting with (e.g. accident)
battle; fight; war; struggle; conflict
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
number; number plate; license plate
language; dialect; word; phrase; speech; (manner of) speaking
by means of; due to; because of; according to
myself; yourself; I; me; you
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
to be mistaken for; to be confused with
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
doubt; suspicion; misgivings; scruples
to hold in one's arms (e.g. a baby); to embrace; to hug; to have (a thought or feeling); to hold; to harbour (suspicion, doubt, etc.)
to rise; to erect; to get up
to reach the point that; to come to be that; to turn into
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
destructive blast; blowing up; explosion
without leaving any trace
damn; damn it; feces; excrement; damn; damned; very
all; entire; whole; altogether
sentence-ending particle expressing doubt
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
painful; sore; cringy; embarrassing; exceeding
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...