indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
particle indicating that the speaker is trying to recall some information
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
wow!; oh!; yeah!; alright!; waah!; boohoo!
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
branch office; agency; sub-branch
errand; mission; messenger; bearer; familiar spirit; use
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
Shima (former province located at the eastern tip of present-day Mie Prefecture)
after this; from now on; hereafter; thereafter; since (then); after
pleased to make your acquaintance
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
older brother; elder brother
stability; steadiness; equilibrium
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
definitely; absolutely; absolute; unconditional; absoluteness
relatives; one's family; friends; members of the same organization; followers; henchmen
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to leak out (a secret); to be exposed (a lie, improper behaviour, etc.); to be found out; to get away (of fish)
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
from now on; after this; in the future; from here; from this point
previously; before; first; before (something or someone else); beforehand; in advance
guidance; leading (the way); information; notice; announcement (of one's arrival); invitation
light (i.e. not heavy); feeling light (i.e. offering little resistance, moving easily); light (i.e. of foot); effortless; non-serious; minor; slight
rich (taste); full-bodied (flavour, flavor); mellow; laid-back (lifestyle); relaxed; comfortable
to serve (in a bowl, on a plate, etc.); to dish out; to pile up; to heap up; to administer (medicine, poison); to dose out; to put into (e.g. information in a report, meaning in a statement)
indicates supposition; if ... then; when; (typically after someone's name) indicates exasperation
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
obstacle to Buddhist practice