indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
magic; Magic Marker; felt-tip pen; magic number
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
card (information, filing, etc.); card (greetings, congratulations, etc.); (Western) playing cards; credit card; debit card; match; game
attack; assault; attempt; try
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
effect; effectiveness; efficacy; effects (e.g. sound effects, visual effects, special effects)
summons; summonsing; citation; subpoena; arraigning; calling
one's hand (when playing cards); name tag; nameplate; wallet-sized (photo)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
to put back; to return; to vomit; to throw up; to recover (of a market price)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
person; -er; (arch.) expert; (arch.) geisha; (arch.) prostitute
festival; feast; harassment by an Internet pitchfork mob; online shaming; galore (as in "goals galore"); frenzy
(arch.) poor; (arch.) unskillful; (arch.) clumsy; I; me
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
level; standard; level (plane); floor; spirit level; (surveyor's) level
story; tale; narrative; account; fable; legend
the end; closing; being done for; that's it; that's enough; that's all
volume (of book); reel (of film); scroll (of books or paintings); roll (paper, etc.)
country in civil war; country disarrayed by war; Warring States period (Japan, China); competiton in which there are several evenly-matched participants; hotly-contested game (match, market, etc.)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
companion; partner; other party; addressee; opponent (sports, etc.)
to receive; to get; to catch (e.g. a ball); to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.); to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to undergo (e.g. surgery)