Japanese bigleaf magnolia (Magnolia obovata)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
Izumo (former province located in the east of present-day Shimane Prefecture)
suffix for familiar person
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
I; me; oneself; (arch.) you; (arch.) prefix indicating familiarity or contempt
appropriate; adequate; suitable; fitting; worthy
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
yikes!; eek!; ook; eek; customer
foolish; idiotic; stupid; ridiculous; absurd
knack; skill; bone; skeleton; cremated remains (esp. the bones); ashes
sound of footsteps; sense or sign that something is approaching
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
hm; um; huh?; what?; nuh-uh; no
hiss (esp. cat); sizzle; whoosh
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
water (esp. cool, fresh water, e.g. drinking water); fluid (esp. in an animal tissue); liquid; flood; floodwaters; water offered to wrestlers just prior to a bout
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to drain; to pour; to wash away; to distribute (e.g. electricity over wires, music over a PA system, etc.); to circulate; to cruise (e.g. taxi); to float
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to cry; to weep; to sob; to howl
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
definitely; absolutely; absolute; unconditional; absoluteness
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to anyone; to everyone; by anyone; by everyone; in everyone; in anyone
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
never mind that; don't worry about that; listen up
to be silent; to say nothing
promise; agreement; convention; rule; destiny; fate
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...