indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
offender; criminal; culprit
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
still; even now; to this day
flight; desertion; escape
medium; average; moderation; middle school; China; volume two (of three); during (a certain time when one did or is doing something)
victim; injured party; sufferer
charitable person; philanthropist
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
property; fortune; means; assets
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to lose; to miss (a change, opportunity); to lose (a loved one); to be bereaved of; to concede (goals, points, etc.)
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
comeback; recovery; restoration; rally; reflexive (in grammar)
to aim at (for, to do, to become); to try for; to have an eye on; to go toward; to head for
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
cruel; brutal; savage; barbarous
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to regard (as); to recognize (as); to see as; to pay attention to; to watch
ghost; apparition; phantom; spectre; specter; demon
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
fresh in one's mind; fresh in one's memory
member of an assembly; member of the Diet; member of parliament; member of Congress
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
(private) secretary; treasured book; secret book
Mr; Mrs; clan; he; him; counter for people
event; affair; incident; case; plot; trouble
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
direction; orientation; suited to; suitable for; tendency; inclination
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
crime; criminal act; offence; offense
conclusion; decision; judgement; affirmative
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed