paulownia (Paulownia tomentosa); empress tree; foxglove tree
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
box; case; car (of a train, etc.); shamisen case; shamisen; public building; community building
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to enter; to come in; to join (a club, company, etc.); to enter (a university, the army, etc.); to be contained (in); to be included (in); to (be able to) fit (in a container, building, etc.)
left hand; left-hand side; left-hand direction; (on) the left
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
to entrust (someone) with; to leave (a matter) with someone; to have someone deliver (a message, parcel, etc.); to send (through someone); to use (something) to express (one's feelings, opinion, etc.); to express in the form of (something)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
for the first time; only after ... is it ...; only when ... do you ...; first time; (one's) first
to use (a tool, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
elementary school; primary school; school for children over eight years old in ancient China; traditional Chinese philology
life; living; I; me; student
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
foot; paw; leg; gait; pace; lower radical of a kanji; means of transportation
fast; quick; easy; simple; as soon as ...; the moment ...
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
(approximate) time; around; suitable time (or condition); time of year; season
only; merely; approximately; about; just (finished, etc.); as if to; (as though) about to
to become familiar with; to get used to; to become accustomed to; to come to fit; to go (well) with; to suit
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
to tease; to make fun of; to poke fun at; to make a crack about; to chaff; to kid
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
near; neighbourhood; nearly (e.g. "it took nearly one year"); close to; shortly; soon
to perform; to do; to conduct oneself; to carry out
athletic meet (esp. at a school); sports day; field day; sports festival
first class; first rank; one degree; one level; most; best
to take; to pick up; to pass; to hand; to get; to obtain; to adopt (a method, proposal, etc.)
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all