indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
beyond; across; the other side; the distance
Chinese "star" constellation (one of the 28 mansions); Singapore
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
star (usu. excluding the Sun); planet (usu. excluding Earth); star (glyph, symbol, shape); asterisk; star (actor, player, etc.); dot; spot
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
original; unique; distinctive; independent; one's own; personal
to make progress; to develop; to evolve (method, style, etc.)
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
sky; the air; weather; far-off place; distant place; state of mind; feeling
civilization; civilisation; culture; Bunmei era (1469.4.28-1487.7.20)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to build; to construct; to erect; to build up (a reputation, position, fortune, etc.); to establish (a relationship, household, tradition, etc.); to lay (a foundation)
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
attack; assault; criticism; censure; cyber attack (e.g. DDoS)
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
how about ...?; I wonder; I don't know
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
yikes; oops; eep; wow; aargh
to receive; to take; to get someone to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
I see; that's right; indeed
strong; potent; strong; brawny; good (at); skilled; being able to handle
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
it seems that ...; it appears that ...; is like ...; is similar to ...
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...; wow
still; much more; (not) yet; still a long way to go; still a long way off; not there yet
to take; to pick up; to pass; to hand; to get; to obtain; to adopt (a method, proposal, etc.)
how; in what way; how about
fast; quick; easy; simple; as soon as ...; the moment ...
about; on; regarding; per; for every
probably not; probably won't; intend not to; will not; trying not to; attempting not to; whether you ... or not
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
street; road; traffic; coming and going; flow (of water, air, etc.); passage; transmission (of sound)
adds light emphasis or insistence to a statement; gives a statement a threatening or condescending tone
he; she; this; this one; hey, you!; you bastard!