indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
army; armed forces; military authorities; team; group
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
high-speed; rapid; express; highway; freeway; expressway
maneuver (usu. of military force); manoeuvre; mobile; nimble; agile
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
town; block; street; road; 109.09 m; 0.99 hectares
people; citizens; subjects; folk
rich; wealthy; affluent; rich (flavour)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
cooperation; collaboration
king; ruler; tycoon; magnate; king (of the senior player)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
in that way; thus; so; so?
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...