indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
beyond; across; the other side; the distance
Chinese "star" constellation (one of the 28 mansions); Singapore
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
star (usu. excluding the Sun); planet (usu. excluding Earth); star (glyph, symbol, shape); asterisk; star (actor, player, etc.); dot; spot
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
original; unique; distinctive; independent; one's own; personal
to make progress; to develop; to evolve (method, style, etc.)
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
sky; the air; weather; far-off place; distant place; state of mind; feeling
civilization; civilisation; culture; Bunmei era (1469.4.28-1487.7.20)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to build; to construct; to erect; to build up (a reputation, position, fortune, etc.); to establish (a relationship, household, tradition, etc.); to lay (a foundation)
to go; to move (towards); to move through; to travel across; to go (well, badly, etc.); to proceed; to do (in a particular way)
adds force to a statement, decision or conclusion; indicates command; (strongly) emphasizes the previous word; adds focus; some- (e.g. something, someone)
dangerous; risky; in danger; in jeopardy; uncertain; unreliable
injury; wound; mistake; accident; loss
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
suffix appended to someone else's family members
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
you said; he said; even if; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
-ness; indicates assertion; come (on); come now; er; um; indicates scrutiny, critique or mistrust
dregs; sediment; lees (esp. sake); leftovers; by-product; worthless item; junk
first-person plural (or singular); second or third person plural (implies speaker is of higher status than those referred to)
all members; all hands; everyone; everybody; whole crew
to pin (someone) down; to hold down; to shut out (one's opponent); to keep (the opposing team) from scoring; to suppress; to control
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to separate; to part; to divide; to keep apart
he; she; this; this one; hey, you!; you bastard!
to act violently; to rage; to struggle; to be riotous
I; me; self-centered man; egotistical man; pompous man
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine