indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
beyond; across; the other side; the distance
Chinese "star" constellation (one of the 28 mansions); Singapore
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
star (usu. excluding the Sun); planet (usu. excluding Earth); star (glyph, symbol, shape); asterisk; star (actor, player, etc.); dot; spot
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
original; unique; distinctive; independent; one's own; personal
to make progress; to develop; to evolve (method, style, etc.)
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
sky; the air; weather; far-off place; distant place; state of mind; feeling
civilization; civilisation; culture; Bunmei era (1469.4.28-1487.7.20)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to build; to construct; to erect; to build up (a reputation, position, fortune, etc.); to establish (a relationship, household, tradition, etc.); to lay (a foundation)
sword (esp. a large, double-edged one); blade; bayonet; swordsmanship; stinger; ovipositor
to put (into); to put away (in); to include (in an anthology, catalogue, etc.); to contain; to achieve (results, success, etc.); to obtain; to pay (fees, taxes, etc.)
please (give me); please (do for me)
battle; war; fight (against time, poverty, etc.); struggle (for freedom, survival, etc.); contest; competition
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
to step back; to move back; to withdraw (from the presence of a superior); to leave; to resign; to retire
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
readiness; (mental) preparedness; resolution; determination; resignation (to one's fate)
life; living; I; me; student
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
come (on); come now; all right; right; well; hmm
slowly; tardily; complaining; grumbling; unsettled (e.g. weather); loose
spare time; free time; time (it takes to do something); time required; time off; leave; dismissal
immediately; right away; at once; instantly
flame; blaze; flames (of intense emotion, e.g. love, jealousy, anger); passion
to carry out (of somewhere); to transport; to take out
preparation; arrangements; getting ready; provision; setup; reserving
(some) more; even more; longer; further
to let fly; to make fly; to skip over; to leave out; to run fast; to drive fast; to spray
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence