indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
beyond; across; the other side; the distance
Chinese "star" constellation (one of the 28 mansions); Singapore
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
star (usu. not including the Sun); planet (usu. not including Earth); star (glyph, symbol, shape); star (actor, player, etc.); small dot; spot; star point (in go)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
original; unique; distinctive; independent; one's own; personal
to make progress; to develop; to evolve (method, style, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
sky; the air; weather; far-off place; distant place; state of mind; feeling
civilization; civilisation; culture; Bunmei era (1469.4.28-1487.7.20)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to build; to construct; to erect; to amass (e.g. fortune); to pile up
sword (esp. a large, double-edged one); blade; bayonet; swordsmanship; stinger; ovipositor
to dedicate; to make an offering; to supply; to store; to finish; to bring to a close; to restore (something to its place)
please (give me); please (do for me)
battle; fight; war; struggle; conflict
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to step back; to move back; to withdraw (from the presence of a superior); to leave; to resign; to retire
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
readiness; preparedness; resolution; resignation
life; living; I; me; student
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
slowly; tardily; complaining; grumbling; unsettled (e.g. weather); loose
spare time; free time; time (e.g. time it takes to do something); time off; day off; quitting (one's job); firing someone
immediately; right away; at once; instantly
flame; blaze; flames (of intense emotion, e.g. love, jealousy, anger); passion
to carry out (of somewhere); to transport; to take out
preparation; arrangements; getting ready; provision; setup; reserving
(some) more; even more; longer; further
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to let fly; to make fly; to skip over; to leave out; to run fast; to drive fast; to spray
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence