indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
king; ruler; tycoon; magnate; king (of the senior player)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
commandant; commanding officer; general
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
adds force or indicates command
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
(some) more; even more; longer; further
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
father (esp. used in samurai families prior to the Meiji period)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
small quantity; little; little while; short distance
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
banzai; hurray; something to cheer about; something worthy of celebration; giving up; throwing one's hands up
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
next; following; subsequent; stage; station
it is ... that ...; precisely; although; while; it is precisely because ... that ...; only because ...