indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
shrine; palace; imperial residence; Imperial prince; Imperial princess; headboard with built-in shelves, drawers, etc.
going; travelling; act; action; bank; counter for banks; counter for groups or parties of people
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
top; top position; senior management; senior bureaucrat
enterprise; business; company; corporation
son of a distinguished family; son of a noble
what is called; as it is called; the so-called; so to speak
by nature; naturally; by birth; inborn
winners (those who have succeeded socially, economically, etc.)
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
now; the present time; just now; another; more
large; big; great; prominent; -sized; as big as; university
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
straight; straightforward; direct; neat (e.g. spirits); black (e.g. tea, coffee); entering university directly from high school; fast ball
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
success; passing (e.g. exam); eligibility
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
condominium (usu. mid or high-rise); apartment building; apartment house; block of flats; apartment; flat
charge; cost; generation; age; era; a representative of; on behalf of
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
parent; parents; dealer (in cards, mahjong, etc.); banker; founder; inventor; (pet) owner
to rely on; to depend on; to count on; to turn to (for help)
by myself; in person; by oneself
to earn (income); to make (money); to score (points, victory); to gain (time); to work hard (at one's job); to labor
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
independence; self-reliance
house of a prince of the blood
family precepts; family motto; rule of the home
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
another person; other people; unrelated person (i.e. not related by blood); outsider; stranger
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
must not; should not; do not
eldest son (may be the only son); first-born son
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
for generations; hereditary; generation after generation