indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
shrine; palace; imperial residence; Imperial prince; Imperial princess; headboard with built-in shelves, drawers, etc.
going; travelling; act; action; bank; counter for banks; counter for groups or parties of people
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
top; top position; senior management; senior bureaucrat; home page (of a website)
enterprise; business; company; corporation
son of a distinguished family; son of a noble
what is called; what you call; what they call; so-called
by nature; naturally; by birth; inborn
winners (those who have succeeded socially, economically, etc.)
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
now; the present time; just now; another; more
large; big; great; prominent; -sized; as big as; university
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
straight; straightforward; direct; straight (wins, sets, etc.); straight (liquor); neat; entering university right after graduating high school
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
passing (an exam); pass; success; meeting (specifications, standards, etc.); passing (inspection); qualification
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
condominium (usu. mid or high-rise); apartment building; apartment house; block of flats; apartment; flat
charge; cost; generation; age; era; a representative of; on behalf of
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
parent; parents; dealer; banker; founder; inventor; (pet) owner
to rely on; to depend on; to count on; to turn to (for help)
by myself; in person; by oneself
to earn (income); to make (money); to score (points, victory); to gain (time); to work hard (at one's job); to labor
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
independence; self-reliance
reason; grounds; pretext; excuse; motive
house of an imperial prince
family precepts; family motto; rule of the home
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
another person; other people; unrelated person (i.e. not related by blood); outsider; stranger
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
must not (do); should not; do not; cannot
eldest son (may be the only son); first-born son
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
for generations; from generation to generation; generation after generation; through the ages