indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
powerlessness; helplessness; incompetent
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
song; singing; classical Japanese poem (esp. tanka); modern poetry
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to sing; to sing (one's praises in a poem, etc.); to compose a poem; to recite a poem
to rescue from; to help out of; to save
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
wanted; wished for; in need of; I want (you) to
to shout; to cry; to scream; to clamor (for or against); to clamour (for or against)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
myself; yourself; I; me; you
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
to change; to be transformed; to move to; to be different; to be uncommon
to fall down; to drop; to be omitted; to be missing; to decrease; to sink; to fail (e.g. exam or class)
life; life force; lifetime; lifespan; most important thing; foundation
pain; ache; soreness; damage; injury; wear
God; god; ace; king; superior person
to hug someone close; to hold someone tight; to embrace closely
sympathy; empathy; response
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
painful; difficult; distressing; (psychologically) difficult; straitened (circumstances); tight (financial situation)
lovely; wonderful; nice; great; fantastic; superb